My personal favourite beginner-friendly operating system. CatchyOS, despite its unfortunately misspelled name, has kernel optimization, a rolling release schedule, and great options for developers and casual users alike, including a massive assortment of packages and desktop options. Individuals who have older computers can still use legacy mode for this operating system. My strongest recommendation for those who are looking for a good initial experience.

Today, the most popular distributions for casual beginners is Linux Mint. This OS is based on Ubuntu (see below), which itself is based on Debian, making it relatively stable while still offering a great desktop experience. Apparently particularly popular with people who are coming from a MacOS environment.

Similar to Linux Mint, also based on Ubuntu, but popular with Windows 11 refugees. Has a lot of easy to set up customizations to mimic Windows desktop and can also (maybe) run Windows software using the Wine emulation tool. Also has a pay-once pro-version which includes pre-installed multi-use software, Windows 11 and MacOS desktop appearance setups and technical support.

Fedora is a desktop distribution based on Red Hat Linux (see below), but is not suitable out of the box for beginners. Ultramarine is available for those who want to run Fedora on easy mode and includes customization and pre-installed software aimed at improving ease of use.

If you aren't excited about installing Linux on your own, System76 sells PCs with this Ubuntu-derived distribution pre-installed. It's similar to the popular Ubuntu desktop, but customized out of the box for ease of use. This system can also be installed on non System76 PCs.

GhostBSD is derived from the FreeBSD system (see below section) and has been customized for ease of use by beginners, so a good place to get started with the BSD flavor of Open Source.

Based on Arch and backed by Valve to run the Steam game distribution service as well as a desktop mode. It's the primary operating system running on the Steam Machine hardware sold by the same company to compete with other gaming consoles. Great distribution for those looking for optimal performance from a gaming perspective.

Fedora based desktop distribution configured with drivers, codecs, and other customizations to support gaming on a Linux PC. This is an immutable Linux distribution; the base system is read-only and packages are usually supplied using Flatpak bundles to ensure installs and updates don't break the base system.

A user friendly version of Fedora which ships with WINE dependencies, OBS Studio, 3rd party codec packages for GStreamer, NVIDIA drivers, and some package fixes, making it deal for not just gaming, but video capture and streaming too. A great system for those who are gaming in front of an audience.

This distro is built on top of retroarch and is basically a retrogamer dream. It runs pretty much all the emulators that are out there so if you have a collection of ROMs you obviously obtained through legal and fully legit means and cant wait to play, flash this on a box and let the nostalgia flow free! Works great on tons of hardware from real PCs to a Raspberry Pi.

Not a bad distro for moving to the next level of customizing a Linux install. I've encountered stability issues in the past and recommend using one version behind the most recent release. Also suffers from not being a rolling release, so to upgrade, you have to reinstall from scratch, and older versions do lose support relatively quickly compared to some of the server-based distros, especially when one version behind. For folks looking to get a better understanding of the Red Hat environment, a great start! Similar to Ubuntu, it has the Flatpak software capability, allowing the user to install applications beyond what is in the standard repositories.

Debian is a good desktop distribution for folks willing to shed the training wheels which come from Ubuntu-derivatives and work more closely with a base operating system. Primarily incorporates free software by default and prioritizes stability over latest and greatest software, but still makes a great desktop. Use the minimal version if you are feeling brave about using the command-line!

An easier version of Arch than vanilla Arch, but not quite as user-friendly as CatchyOS, this one forces the user to be more terminal-involved, which is a good thing when learning how Linux works. Still comes with the same advantages as Arch and their support community is decent as well. Good for an aspiring Linux enthusiast looking to get their feet wet!

FreeBSD is similar to GhostBSD, but with less handholding. Its stated aim is to be usable for as many uses cases as possible, including the server and embedded devices environments, but works as a desktop distribution as well. Pick this distro to learn what BSD is about!

For a long time, the Ubuntu operating system from Canonical was the gateway drug for newbie Linux users. More user-friendly derivatives now exist for this system (see above), but base Ubuntu is super popular with developers who choose to use Linux since they have a large population of packages available using their Snap distribution tools. I'm not a big fan of this distro, but can't ignore its relevance and popularity.

An opinionated arch-based distro built for developers by Ruby on Rails creator and race car enthusiast DHH with the Hyperland compositor and way too many proprietary apps for my taste. Comes with pre-installed developer tools one normally expects for both terminal and graphical tools in a slick looking tiled-window desktop environment little configuration required. I tried installing this on my Lenovo-mini and nearly bricked it, but maybe you will have better luck than I did.

Puppy Linux is so lightweight, it can run completely from RAM. And by that, I mean you can boot up from the USB, pull the USB when the boot is complete, and it will continue to run like nothing happened until you shut it off. Of course, it is lightweight so limited in its applications, but for doing basic tasks, this cannot be beat as a great option for older computers. Ideal for beginners, but keep in mind it is an independent distro (i.e. not based on Fedora, Arch, Debian, etc), so this dog may end up teaching you new tricks.

Similar to Puppy, but fully stocked with a whole host of application software. Based on Debian. The last time I checked, this was about 4.7GB large so it definitely is not lightweight, but if you have to boot into a system with a Live USB and do some actual work, this system will have the tools you need to get the job done. Originally meant to be used as a recovery tool, this distribution can do pretty much everything else too.

A Slackware-based portable Linux distro meant to be run off a USB drive. Used to be really great when it was combined with the ability to customize your own live image, but this function is no longer available! :( It also includes a custom edition called Porteus Kiosk, which, as it sounds, is designed for online kiosks for web-based terminals and therefore includes just the browser and nothing else.

Probably one of the smallest Linux distributions ever witnessed that still has a graphical interface (using Openbox for desktop), SliTaz is an independently developed portable distro meant for use on a USB drive. Similar to Puppy, the OS runs in RAM upon booting and can continue running after the USB drive is removed. A custom USB Live Image can be built with this tool as well, similar to MXLinux and Manjaro. Runs very well on older hardware and a great rescue tool as well if you want to access the hard drive of a busted computer.

Based on FreeBSD and optimized for use as a persistent liveUSB install. Great for booting into systems which are no longer functional and clearnet use of computers that aren't yours. Just get used to the BSD way of doing things!

This is a run of the mill rescue distro which provides an easy to use minimal graphical interface for relatively inexperienced users to fix bootloaders, repairing filesystems, fix partition tables and resetting passwords on both Linux and Windows installs. The distro also ships with tools to rescue data and restore files and can wipe both Windows and Linux installs. This distro sacrifices some more advanced tools in favor of ease of use.

This advanced repair distro is primarily operated using the command-line interface for its toolset. It is based on Arch Linux and caters to experienced users, but also includes a graphical interface useful for accessing documentation for command-line tools. One of the oldest and most battle tested rescue distros there is.

This OS has one specific use-case - it clones other operating systems. I use this to back up my entire computer at the baremetal level when I need to make serious changes, reformat my hard drive, or reinstall/upgrade an operating system. You will need a separate drive, possible portable HDD to capture the backup image to use this properly. Good for using the command-line to perform backups, but also has a step-by-step guide prompt as well.

My favorite offline distro, it has probably the most software options available. Based on Arch, its repository has a huge selection of software making the desktop experience relatively stable and easy to manage. The support community is also fantastic. Manjaro tools manjaro-tools-iso and buildiso make the task of creating a custom ISO for offline use easy. One of the biggest complaints I've seen about Manjaro is how easy it is to break with updates - this issue doesn't exist for a offline install. Note AUR packages cannot be included in a custom ISO built with these tools.

Based on Debian, MX Linux also hosts a wide variety of software options. One of my favorite elements are MXTools, which allow a person to take a snapshot of their current system to build an ISO that can either be burned to a USB to use as a live environment, or as an installer onto a different machine. The built-in ISO burner also allows a user to create a custom live boot USB with persistence easily as well. Unlike Manjaro above, this also allows you to install Flatpaks and include them on your custom ISO. Cool!

An opensource version of Red Hat Linux Enterprise (RHEL), essentially what CentOS used to be from the original creators of CentOS. Keep in mind the default packages are rather outdated. If you can master Rocky, you are close enough to mastering RHEL, which is the primary enterprise server out there.

Basically what it says on the box. Ubuntu has a server and desktop version. This is the server version so if you got your start learning Ubuntu Desktop, learning how to use Ubuntu Server is a great way to learn how to administrate servers.

I use this almost entirely for online computing (I am typing this from a qubes laptop). Unlike the other distros on here, QubesOS is actually a host environment for multiple virtual machines, each of which can launch their own applications. This comes in handy when I want to be logged into AlternativeTo and into my banking software while being comfortable that both browsers do not know what is happening to each other because they are secured in their own VM compartments. It takes a while to set up and to learn how to configure, but the peace of mind that comes with it is well worth the effort.

One important thing to note is that when using this distro, you will technically be using Fedora, Debian and Whonix distros as VM domains inside the Qubes infrastructure, so it is good to know how those work first before diving in!

A hardened version of Debian which also have a suite of preinstalled applications and configurations designed to provide added security operations, including separate modes for daily use and administration. Useful both as a desktop and live distribution. This distro forms the foundation of the Whonix virtual machine OS (see below).

A hardened version of Fedora which relies on Flatpak to install desktop applications to isolate applicaton runtimes from the core system. Like Bazzite, it is an immutable system which separates application installs and operations from the base computer system functionality.

A hardened NetBSD based distribution with top-notch security and ideal for both desktop and server use. Well known for going through continuous security auditing by the development team. This is the only BSD variant that allows for native full-disk encryption of an installed system. Operates best as a server when using the default in-build services, which include support for wireguard VPN, webservers with https, and virtualization capabilities without the need for third party packages.

TAILS is a Debian based distribution that is designed specifically to be used as a Live USB. The idea is that once you shut down, all traces of what you were doing are erased from the machine you were working on - it forgets everything that you did. The design of the system ensures that all traffic is routed through the TOR Network and minimizes how you can potentially expose your real identity to the rest of the internet by having a small number of limited applications to minimize attack surface and not allowing connections through a non-TOR connection, except in very specific circumstances you have to jump through hoops to activate. Bottom line, this is the gold standard for TOR network access!

Whonix is also based on Debian (specifically the KickSecure variant), but rather than being used in a Live USB, it is used as a Virtual Machine. It can be run in Oracle VirtualBox on a desktop or it can reside in a Qubes domain, just like any of the other VMs used by that system. In either case, this OS isolates the work you are doing from the host OS in the hopes that your host machine or other VMs are peeking in on what you are doing and that anything nasty in your Whonix VM cannot break out and infest your primary system. If the VM is compromised, just destroy and restart from your last snapshot! Not as well focused in forgetting your actions as Tails, but definitely the next best thing. Note this system is technically two distros, a workstation VM for desktop activity and a headless gateway interface which sits between you and the web to ensure nothing which compromises your workstation can stop the gateway from keeping your traffic on the TOR network. Give it a try!

Netgate has a full fleet of boxes with this distro preinstalled. Based on FreeBSD, this operating system is a fantastic way to get control over your hardware and very easy to use with a graphical interface. Of course, you will still need to know how to operate a firewall and networking rules too, but that is the hand you are dealt when going into this world!

A fork of the PFSense router software with more up to date packages and differing defaults. They also have their own store where they sell preinstalled software on firewall appliances, which are more expensive than the Netgate versions, for some odd reason.

A good option for users looking to unlock their wireless access points, managed switches, and other devices which require embedded operating systems. Builds are created for individual devices, so be sure you device is on the list.

This system is the basis for Manjaro, Endeavour, and CatchyOS, among other popular distributions. Arch starts out as a bare kernel and a few basic utilities - making a system with a desktop environment (or none) and specific functionally and software that all work together is up to the user. This gives you the power to build your own distribution, lightweight, efficient, and powerful, as long as you have the skill for it! Mastering this OS comes with serious bragging rights, btw.