HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages, and its elements form the building blocks of all websites.

This list is inspired by the Kamran Ahmed's "2019 Developer Roadmap." https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap
Without further ado, my take on the most important technologies to learn for front-end web development in 2019!
**edit: Added nuxtjs vuepress and prettier now that they are available on AlternativeTo!
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript forms the backbone of the front-end web development experience. Other than that, the following languages are useful as well:
**edit: removed ELM and added Reason ML, which works well with React.
HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages, and its elements form the building blocks of all websites.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple mechanism for adding style (e.g., fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents.
JavaScript (sometimes shortened to JS) is a lightweight, interpreted, object-oriented language with first-class functions, most known as the scripting language for Web pages, but also used in many non-browser environments.


TypeScript is a language for application-scale JavaScript development. It is a typed superset of JavaScript that compiles to plain JavaScript in any browser, any host, any OS and it is Open Source.

ReasonML is a new face to OCaml that--when coupled with BuckleScript--makes web development easy, robust, and type-safe. It has a very good Javascript FFI story, and is easy to adopt piece-meal into your existing projects.
Dart (originally called Dash) is a Web programming language developed by Google. It was unveiled at the GOTO conference in Aarhus, 2011 October 10-12. The goal of Dart is "ultimately to replace JavaScript as the lingua franca of web development on the open web platform.

If you learn one of these package managers, you will learn enough to use the other fairly well.
npm is a package manager for Node.js that is run through the command line and manages dependencies for an application. It is the predominant package manager for Node.js.

Yarn is a package manager for your code. It allows you to use and share code with other developers from around the world. Yarn does this quickly, securely, and reliably so you don’t ever have to worry.



Sass is a preprocessor and Bootstrap is the framework for prototyping sites fast using pre-arranged style sets. Material UI and Vue Material are framework specific CSS frameworks (see react & vue below)
Sass is a stylesheet language initially designed by Hampton Catlin and developed by Nathan Weizenbaum. After its initial versions, Nathan Weizenbaum and Chris Eppstein have continued to extend Sass with SassScript, a simple scripting language used in Sass files.
Bootstrap is a open-source collection of tools for creating browser sites and applications. It contains HTML and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, charts, navigation and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript extensions.




Material UI is an open-source React component library that implements Google's Material Design. It's comprehensive and can be used in production out of the box.

Vue Material is a UI framework that's simple, lightweight and built exactly according to the Google Material Design specs.

JQuery adoption isn't what it used to be, but a lot of old sites use it. Most new sites are commonly using Lo-Dash in place of JQuery, if they choose to use a utility library at all.
jQuery is a fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library. It makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation, event handling, animation, and Ajax much simpler with an easy-to-use API that works across a multitude of browsers.



Lo-Dash is a drop-in replacement for Underscore.js that delivers performance improvements, bug fixes, and additional features.

Learn each of these tools. Rollup and Webpack are alternatives for each other, learn which one works best for what you need!
Babel is a generic multi-purpose compiler for JavaScript. Using Babel you can use (and create) the next generation of JavaScript, as well as the next generation of JavaScript tooling.


ESLint is an open source JavaScript linting utility originally created by Nicholas C. Zakas in June 2013. Code linting is a type of static analysis that is frequently used to find problematic patterns or code that doesn’t adhere to certain style guidelines.
Rollup is a module bundler for JavaScript which compiles small pieces of code into something larger and more complex, such as a library or application.
Webpack is a module bundler for modern JavaScript applications. When webpack processes your application, it recursively builds a dependency graph that includes every module your application needs, then packages all of those modules into a small number of bundles — often only one...

A toolkit to automate & enhance your workflow. Leverage gulp and the flexibility of JavaScript to automate slow, repetitive workflows and compose them into efficient build pipelines.
Each tool has its own use and purpose, best to learn what you can from each one and pick one based on your needs. For React fans, Jest, Enzyme, and Cypress are a good combination.
A simple tool that allows you to execute JavaScript code in multiple real browsers. Karma is not a testing framework, neither an assertion library. Karma just launches a HTTP server, and generates the test runner HTML file you probably already know from your favourite testing...
Mocha is a feature-rich JavaScript test framework running on node.js and the browser, making asynchronous testing simple and fun. Mocha tests run serially, allowing for flexible and accurate reporting, while mapping uncaught exceptions to the correct test cases.
Jasmine is an open source testing framework for JavaScript. It aims to run on any JavaScript-enabled platform, to not intrude on the application nor the IDE, and to have easy-to-read syntax.
Cypress is a front end automated testing tool created for the modern web. Cypress is built on a new architecture and runs in the same run-loop as the application being tested. As a result Cypress provides better, faster, and more reliable testing for anything that runs in a...


Enzyme is a JavaScript Testing utility for React that makes it easier to test your React Components' output. You can also manipulate, traverse, and in some ways simulate runtime given the output.
React and Vue are the two largest frameworks:

Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps that helps write apps with consistent behavior in different environments and that are easy to test. It provides a live-coding developer experience with a time traveling debugger.
MobX is a state manager - simple and scalable by transparently applying functional reactive programming (TFRP) :
Anything that can be derived from the application state, should be derived. Automatically.

Next.js gives you the best developer experience with all the features you need for production: hybrid static & server rendering, TypeScript support, smart bundling, route pre-fetching, and more. No config needed.


Vue is a JavaScript framework for building user interfaces. It builds on top of standard HTML, CSS and JavaScript, and provides a declarative and component-based programming model that helps you efficiently develop user interfaces, be it simple or complex.

Vuex is a state management pattern + library for Vue.js applications. It serves as a centralized store for all the components in an application, with rules ensuring that the state can only be mutated in a predictable fashion.



Gatsby provides development teams an open source frontend framework for creating dynamic, optimized websites and a cloud platform for delivering them on a blazing fast edge network.

VuePress is a static site generator that uses markdown. It allows users to create content like blogs and documentation. Originally designed for Vue.js documentation, it now serves a wider user base. It emphasizes simplicity, with a minimal setup and markdown-centered structure.
Electron is used for composing desktop applications using NodeJS as the backend and Chromium as the front end while NativeScript and ReactNative are options for those choosing to go with the Vue/Angular environment or React, respectively.
**Edit: Added Flutter, a Dart SDK for developing mobile interfaces.
If you can build a website, you can build a desktop app. Electron is a framework for creating native applications with web technologies like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. It takes care of the hard parts so you can focus on the core of your application.



NativeScript lets you develop truly native apps for iOS and Android from a single code base of JavaScript or TypeScript, XML and CSS. NativeScript takes your cross-platform code and translates it into the language that your target platform speaks.


React Native enables you to build world-class application experiences on native platforms using a consistent developer experience based on JavaScript and React. The focus of React Native is on developer efficiency across all the platforms you care about — learn once, write...
Build apps for any screen. Flutter transforms the app development process. Build, test, and deploy beautiful mobile, web, desktop, and embedded apps from a single codebase.



The purpose of this list is to provide a listing of solutions available and commonly used by developers in the field in 2019 for front-end web development, including mobile and desktop. I encourage everyone and anyone reading this list to also check out the site "https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap" as it has additional information on a logical order to run and use these apps as well as additional topics that are not software solutions, but concepts that are important to learn.